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Maker(s):Unknown
Culture:Egyptian, Roman Period
Title:Papyrus fragment; Monthly return of tax receipts
Date Made:156 CE
Type:Document
Materials:Papyrus, pigment
Place Made:Africa; Egypt; Oxyrhynchus
Measurements:Mat: 8 in x 10 in; 20.3 cm x 25.4 cm
Accession Number:  MH 1905.7.A.F
Credit Line:Gift of the Egypt Exploration Fund
Museum Collection:  Mount Holyoke College Art Museum
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Description:
Papyrus fragment written in Greek. Beginning of a monthly return of receipts ([…]) by the sitology […]. Written in the nineteenth year of Antoninus (A.D. 156). 4 lines. (See Grenfell and hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, vol. III, p. 282, 595)

Label Text:
Ancient rubbish dumps in the desert at Oxyrhynchus and several nearby sites were so rich in discarded papyri that “merely turning up the soil with one’s boot would frequently disclose a layer.” So wrote British archaeologist Bernard Grenfell, who, along with Arthur Hunt, uncovered documents numbering in the hundreds of thousands in the area from 1896 to 1914. The papyri, written primarily in Greek, date to the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods and include literary texts, mathematical treatises, letters, administrative documents, and even horoscopes. Grenfell and Hunt made their discoveries under the auspices of the Graeco-Roman Branch of the Egypt Exploration Fund, which began a publication series on the documents that now runs to 67 volumes.

It was natural for the documents to be written in Greek, for Oxyrhynchus was a Greek settlement, founded after the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. But even if the examples on display here, which date to the 2nd century CE, had been found elsewhere in the country, they might have been written in Greek, for the use of that language had become widespread throughout Egypt by that time, and documents in the local tongue were on the wane. The fragile scraps were mounted between plates of glass before they arrived at Mount Holyoke in the first decade of the twentieth century, and they still reside in their original mounts. The Oxyrhynchus finds included texts from well-known authors, including Euclid, whom we still associate with geometry, the poet Pindar, and playwrights Euripedes and Sophocles.

Excavating Egypt: Great Discoveries from the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology (February 17 - July 22, 2007 at MHCAM)

Tags:
ancient; archaeology; writing; text; documentation; domestic space

Link to share this object record:
https://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=MH+1905.7.A.F

Research on objects in the collections, including provenance, is ongoing and may be incomplete. If you have additional information or would like to learn more about a particular object, please email fc-museums-web@fivecolleges.edu.

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